Publications - East Midlands Ambulance Service
Recent Submissions
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Deprivation links to bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation ratesBackground: Public access defibrillators and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) have been at the forefront of public health campaigns and public education and are key links in the chain of survival. Despite this, survival rates for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in 2024 in the UK are lower than in comparable countries. Aims: This study aimed to critically review research in the UK to identify whether a patient’s level of socioeconomic deprivation impacts their chances of receiving bystander CPR and defibrillation. Methods: A rapid evidence review was conducted with literature searches from 2013 to July 2023 carried out. Five studies were identified. Findings: OHCA incidence was lowest in areas of least deprivation, while the most deprived populations had lower rates of bystander CPR (BCPR) with higher OHCA incidences. Automated external defibrillator (AED) provision did not correlate with OHCA incidence. Conclusion: Research is needed to look at areas with a high incidence of OHCA associated with low rates of BCPR, with the aim to target high-risk areas of low BCPR and high OHCA incidences for public education and AED installation, including qualitative research into the population’s thoughts and knowledge of CPR and defibrillation. Abstract published with permission.
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Development of indicators for avoidable emergency medical service calls by mapping paramedic clinical impression codes to ambulatory care sensitive conditions and mental health conditions in the UK and CanadaObjective Paramedic assessment data have not been used for research on avoidable calls. Paramedic impression codes are designated by paramedics on responding to a 911/999 medical emergency after an assessment of the presenting condition. Ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs) are non-acute health conditions not needing hospital admission when properly managed. This study aimed to map the paramedic impression codes to ACSCs and mental health conditions for use in future research on avoidable 911/999 calls. Design Mapping paramedic impression codes to existing definitions of ACSCs and mental health conditions. Setting East Midlands Region, UK and Southern Ontario, Canada. Participants Expert panel from the UK-Canada Emergency Calls Data analysis and GEospatial mapping (EDGE) Consortium. Results Mapping was iterative first identifying the common ACSCs shared between the two countries then identifying the respective clinical impression codes for each country that mapped to those shared ACSCs as well as to mental health conditions. Experts from the UK-Canada EDGE Consortium contributed to both phases and were able to independently match the codes and then compare results. Clinical impression codes for paramedics in the UK were more extensive than those in Ontario. The mapping revealed some interesting inconsistencies between paramedic impression codes but also demonstrated that it was possible. Conclusion This is an important first step in determining the number of ASCSs and mental health conditions that paramedics attend to, and in examining the clinical pathways of these individuals across the health system. This work lays the foundation for international comparative health services research on integrated pathways in primary care and emergency medical services. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/12/e073520 This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
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Time intervals and distances travelled for prehospital ambulance stroke care: data from the randomised-controlled ambulance-based Rapid Intervention with Glyceryl trinitrate in Hypertensive stroke Trial-2 (RIGHT-2)OBJECTIVES: Ambulances offer the first opportunity to evaluate hyperacute stroke treatments. In this study, we investigated the conduct of a hyperacute stroke study in the ambulance-based setting with a particular focus on timings and logistics of trial delivery. DESIGN: Multicentre prospective, single-blind, parallel group randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Eight National Health Service ambulance services in England and Wales; 54 acute stroke centres. PARTICIPANTS: Paramedics enrolled 1149 patients assessed as likely to have a stroke, with Face, Arm, Speech and Time score (2 or 3), within 4hours of symptom onset and systolic blood pressure >120mm Hg. INTERVENTIONS: Paramedics administered randomly assigned active transdermal glyceryl trinitrate or sham. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES: Modified Rankin scale at day 90. This paper focuses on response time intervals, distances travelled and baseline characteristics of patients, compared between ambulance services. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/11/e060211 This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
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A pre-hospital mixed methods systematic review protocolIntroduction: Mixed methods research, a methodology entailing the integration of qualitative and quantitative data within a single study, offers researchers the ability to investigate complex processes and systems in health and healthcare. The collective strength gained through the data combination can provide an enhanced understanding of research problems, providing an ideal solution to understanding complex clinical issues in a range of settings. In pre-hospital practice, where often uncontrollable variables and environmental considerations increase healthcare complexity, mixed methods has emerged as a valuable approach to research. Aims: Given the exponential growth of pre-hospital mixed methods research since the publication of our first systematic review in 2014, we aim to provide an update. Our review will explore how mixed methods is utilised in pre-hospital research and identify what standards of reporting are achieved. Methods: This systematic review update will search MEDLINE, CINAHL Complete, Embase and Scopus bibliographic databases from 1 January 2012 to 15 March 2023, using an updated pre-hospital search strategy. Study screening will be performed in duplicate. Articles reported in English, explicitly stating the use of ‘mixed methods’ in the pre-hospital ambulance setting, including helicopter emergency medical services and community first-responder services, will be included. Data related to underpinning philosophy or theoretical framework, rationale for utilising mixed methods, background of the corresponding author, mode of data integration, model of publication and adherence to reporting standards, utilising the good reporting of a mixed methods study (GRAMMS) guidelines, will be extracted and analysed. All extracted data from study articles will be summarised in a table, allowing analysis of included studies against specified criteria. Abstract published with permission.
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Senior Aircraftman Peter KenyonA support worker in the RAF Reserves shares his experiences. Abstract published with permission.
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Novel moving, handling and extraction simulation for students in a soft play areaBackground: Emergency medical services often have to extricate patients from their location and take them to an ambulance. High-quality training is required to ensure patient and staff safety during moving, handling and extrication manoeuvres. This study aimed to determine student satisfaction and self-confidence regarding what they had learnt after a novel moving, handling and extrication simulation exercise in a children's soft play area. Methods: A mixed-methods cross-sectional survey was adopted, using the validated Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence in Learning survey tool. Qualitative data were collected from an open question for additional comments. Student paramedics and student emergency medical technicians from one higher education institution completed four time-limited scenarios, each of which involved moving an immobile patient away from their environment. Descriptive statistics were determined for the participant characteristics and survey responses. Thematic analysis was performed on the qualitative data. Results: The student participants were aged 18–47 years and the majority were women. They were satisfied with both their learning and their self-confidence in what they had learnt after the simulation event, and felt their communication and teamwork skills had improved. They enjoyed the event more than classroom-based simulation. While they felt the simulation was realistic, suggestions were made to make it more so. Conclusion: Use of a children's soft play area for a moving, handling and extrication simulation provided student satisfaction and self-confidence in learning. Abstract published with permission.
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Factors that influence child conveyance decisions made by prehospital cliniciansAbstract Introduction: The decision to convey children to emergency departments is complex. This study aimed to identify barriers and enablers to making appropriate decisions, along with areas of disparity in this decision-making process by ambulance clinicians. Methods: A rapid evidence review was conducted. MEDLINE, CINAHL and PubMed were searched from 2012 to July 2023. Critical appraisal and thematic synthesis were performed. Results: Three studies were identified, which highlights the lack of research in this area. Five themes were identified: provision of care; equipment and protocols; exposure, experience and confidence; emotional and social circumstances; and education or skill set. Findings: Enhanced paediatric education is required before and after registration to ensure appropriate conveyance and address clinicians' lack of exposure, experience and confidence. Protocols and guidelines should be drawn up to support decision-making for lower-acuity child patients. Specialist paediatric roles are required in ambulance services to support clinicians and provide advanced patient-centred care. Conclusions: The findings of this review provide a basis for discussion and clinical practice improvement. Research to determine the clinical and cost effectiveness of implementing prehospital specialist paediatric roles is required. Abstract published with permission